NCERT Class 10 History chapter 1 notes by Vibha Maam | The Rise of Nationalism in Europe | Precise Notes

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Frederic Sorrieu and his visualisation

• A French artist Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints in 1848.
• This print visualises his dream of a world made up of ‘Democratic and Social Republic’.
• The first print shows the people of Europe and America marching in a long train and offering homage to the Statue of Liberty.
• On the earth is the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.
• In Sorrieu’s Utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct nation identified through their flags and national customs.
• Leading the procession are the USA and Switzerland followed by France and Germany.
• From the heavens above, Christ, saints and Angels gaze at the scene.
• The artist symbolises fraternity among the nations of the world.

The French revolution and the idea of nation 

• The French revolution occurred in 1789 which led to the transfer of sovereignty from monarchy.
• The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly.
• New French flag adopted instead of the royal flag .
• French become the common language of the nation.
• Napoleon reign – from 1799 to 1815
• Rise of Napoleon and his reforms known as’ Napoleonic code ‘or ‘civil code of 1804’ 
• Revolutionaries help other people of Europe to  become a nation.

Features of Napoleonic code

• Equality before law
• Right to property 
• Administrative divisions were simplified
• Feudal system abolished 
• Peasants freed from serfdom and manorial dues 
• Removal of guild restrictions in town
• Improvement in transport and communication system 
• Uniform laws and standardization of weight and measures 
• Adoption of common national currency

The making of nationalism in Europe

• No nation States before the mid 18th century.
• Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons (community) and ruled by autocratic monarchies.
• Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. They spoke French .
• Industrialisation began in France in the 19th century and led to the evolutions of working and middle classes.
• Educated, liberal, middle classes popularized abolition of aristocratic privileges.

Liberal nationalism

In social sphere–

• Freedom for the individual
• Equality of all before the law

In political sphere–

• Government by consent 
• End of autocracy 
• Adoption of constitution 
• Representative government through parliament 
• Abolition of property right

In economic sphere –

• Freedom of markets 
• Removal of state imposed restrictions on movement of goods and capitals 
• Established Zollverein in 1834 in Prussia 

New conservatism after 1815

• Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria (BPRA) collectively defeated Napoleon in 1815 and drew up a settlement.
• This settlement known as’ treaty of Vienna’
• The Vienna Congress was hosted by the chancellor Duke Metternich

Objectives of Treaty of Vienna 

• Main motive undo the changes, restore monarchy
• Prussia was given new territories on Western border including Saxony.
• Austria to control Northern Italy
• Russia to get Poland 
• No change in German confederation of 39 States

The Revolutionaries 

• Establishment of secret societies to spread the Nationalism and oppose conservatism.
• Giuseppe Mazzini joined Carbonari  later founded Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne
• Germany, France ,Switzerland and Poland inspired by secret societies 
• Conservatives frightened by his move

Age of revolution 1830 -1848

• 1830 July revolution or Greek Revolution
• causes -romanticism, culture ,regional languages, folk song ,art, pottery, emotion, intuition
• Unemployment, hunger, economic hardship in Europe ,shortage of food, over crowded cities, inflation
• Low wages ,feudal system  affected peasants (Begari)
• Peasants and workers revolt in 1845.
• The English poet lord Byron went to fight in the war and died in 1824
• The ‘Treaty of Constantinople‘ of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

The revolution of liberals 1848

• Demanded for constitution + unification of nation 
• German professionals, businessmen, artisans decided to vote for’ All German National Assembly’ .
• Frankfurt parliament organised in church Saint Paul 
• Constitution drafted
• Germany became constitutional monarch
• When offered crown, Friedrich Wilhelm iv, king of Prussia, rejected
• Social based parliament safety to middle class dominance
• However conservative forces suppressed liberals but made some changes like serfdom and bonded labour abolished, granted concessions

The making of Germany (18th January 1871)

• Prussia emerged to unite Germany
• Otto Von Bismarck became the architect of this process 
• Three wars for seven years with Austria, Denmark and France completed German unification
• Prussia King William l became emperor of United Germany 
• Currency, banking, legal and judicial system was legalized

Unification of Italy(1860)

• Italy fragmented between 7 States 
• Sardinian- piedmont ruled by Italian king 
• North Italy under Austrian Habsburg was ruled by pope 
• South ltaly was under Bourbon king of Spain
• Efforts of Mazzini in 1831 and 1848 had failed
• Responsibility upon king Victor Emmanuel II to unifying the Italian States 
• C.M Covour through diplomacy allied France to defeat Austria in 1859 
• Giuseppe Garibaldi with the help of local peasants drove away Spanish ruler in 1860 
• In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of United Italy.

The Strange case of Britain 1707 (Unification of Britain)

• No British nation existed before 18th century.
• Ethnic groups– English, Welsh, Scots inhabitated.
• Growth of English nations in wealth and power.
• English parliament seized monarchy in 1688.
• Act of union 1707 between England and Scotland formed “United Kingdom of Great Britain”.
• The British helped protestants (majority) against catholic of Ireland.
• Later catholic revolt 1798 was suppressed.
• 1801 Ireland was also forcibly into the United Kingdom.

Visualising Nations

• Nations began to be portrayed as female figure called Allegory.
• Ideas like Liberty, Justice and Republic too were personified as female figures.
• Coins and stamps to carried their images.

• Marianne represented France and Germania represented Germany Nation.

Nationalism and Imperialism: Balkan Issues

• The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871.
• The Balkan was the region of geographical and ethnic variations.
• It was inhabited by Salvs and was under control of Ottoman Empire
• Ideas of nationalism swept over entire Balkan region.
• One by one different nationalities declared their independence through struggle.
• It later become one of the causes of first world war.
• Each state developed jealousy and hoped to expand at the cost of others.
• Countries like Russia, Germany, England, Austria-Hungary extended their control over Balkan area.

  Note:

  Image source– Social Science India and the Contemporary World – 2 {History class 10th}

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