NCERT Class 10th Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit notes by Vibha Maam CBSE in English | Precise Notes

Money as a medium of exchange

Money

       Anything can be money which has common acceptability as the means of exchange and measure and store of value.

       Money can easily exchange for any commodity or service. Money eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants.

       Money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process.

Different phases of Medium of Exchange 

Ancient phase- Barter system, where goods are directly exchanged with other goods but ‘double coincidence of wants’ is the essential feature of this system. Grains and cattle were used as money before the introduction of coins.

Mediaeval phase- Use of metallic coins like gold, silver, copper etc.

Modern phase- Use of currency like paper notes and plastic money. it is accepted as a medium of exchange because it is authorized by the government of India.

Limitations of Barter system

• Lack of double coincidence of wants
• Lack of store of value
• Lack of standard for deferred payments
• Lack of a common unit of value

Modern forms of Money

Paper notes and coins, plastic money and deposits with banks like cheque, demand draft, demand deposit, money order.

Loan activities of bank 

• In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issues currency notes on the behalf of the central government. 
• People deposit their surplus money in the bank by opening a bank account in their name.
• Banks accept the deposit and also pay an amount as interest on the deposits.

Depositors can withdraw their money whenever they require. Therefore these deposits are called ‘demand deposits’.

A cheque is a paper, instructing the Bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.

• Out of total money deposited with the bank, the bank keeps 15% of it as cash for  paying depositors on demand.
• The rest of the deposited money the bank  used to extend loans.
• The  banks charge a high rate of interest from the borrowers and pay less rate of interest to the depositors and this difference of  interest is the source of income of the bank.

Credit

          Credit ( Loan) is an agreement between the lender and the borrower in which the borrower promises to pay the landers in the future.

 Two different Credit Situation

• In one situation credit plays a positive role when the borrower is able to complete their necessities and make some profit with the use of this  money.
• Sometimes credit  is very painful as it pushes the borrower into such a situation from which recovery is very difficult, that is commonly known as debt trap .

Terms of credit

• Collateral (security):-  asset of borrower like land, house, vehicle, livestock etc.
• Documentation
• Tenure (time)
• Mode of repayment
• Rate of interest
• Guarantor

         People take credit from different sources which can be grouped into two :

1. Former sector and
2. Informal sector loans.

Formal sector credit in India

          RBI supervises the functioning of formal sectors of loans. It also monitors the banks in maintaining cash balance. These sources offer cheap and affordable credit with common terms of credit for all and they charge less  interest rate.

Informal sector credit in India

          This  credit  is provided by traders, moneylenders, employers, relatives, friends, etc. There is no organisation for supervision of credit activities. The interest rate of informal loans is much higher than the formal sectors. terms of credit are flexible.

Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for the poor

• This is a new idea to organise rural poor, particularly women and pool their savings.
• Generally this group has 15 to 20 members. 
• Savings per member varies from Rs25 to Rs100 or more.
• They get a loan from the bank even though they have no collateral.
• Small loans are provided to the members by this group.
• SHGs help women in making them financially self-reliant.