NCERT Class 10th Geography Chapter 5 Manufacturing Industries notes by Vibha Maam CBSE in English | Precise Notes

Classification of industries 

a) based on raw material

Heavy – Iron and steel 

Light – electrical

b) based on capital

Large scale 

Small scale

c) based on ownership

Private sector – TISCO, Bajaj Auto

Public sector – BHEL, SAIL

Joint sector – Oil India Ltd (OIL)

Co-operative sector- sugar industry

d) based on source of raw material 

Agro-based – Textile industry 

• The first textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
• The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra.
• About 60% of sugar Mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Mineral- based

• Chhota Nagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.
• Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
• Cement industry needs bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum.
• Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI) brought in new technology and aligned the automobile industry with global development .
• Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Air pollution

caused by a high proportion of undesirable gases diffused in the atmosphere by vehicles, industries etc., like sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.

• Effect – toxic gas leakage is very hazardous in the long run.

Water pollution

caused by organic and inorganic industrial waste and effluent discharged into rivers.

• Effect –  Detoxicated water quality and threat to aquatic life.

Thermal pollution

  draining of hot water from factories and power plants into the rivers before cooling, contaminates groundwater.

•  Effect – causes birth defects, cancer 

Noise pollution

caused by unwanted sounds from industrial and construction activities and equipment.

• Effect – causes hearing impairment, increased heartbeat rate, blood pressure and other psychological disorders.

Control of environmental degradation 

1. Minimise water use
2. Rain water harvesting
3. Reuse and recycling
4. Water treatment
5. Use of effective technique to reduce degradation 

Treatment of industrial effluents 

Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases:-

• Primary treatment by mechanicals means screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation
• Secondary treatment by biological process planting trees, increasing grass cover, rainwater harvesting
• Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes, recycling of waste water.

Industrial pollution can be checked 

• Through overdrawing of groundwater reserves by industry and should be regulated legally.
• Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories.
• Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
• Machinery and equipment can be used and the generator should be fitted with a silencer .
• Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

Conclusion

The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development with environmental concerns.

NTPC has ISO 14001 certification for Environment Management System. The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water ,oil ,gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.